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Lessons 1-2 Born to serve?

Warm-up

1. Look at the pictures alongside the text in ex. 2C below.

. Why do you think people use animalsor their images like this?

Reading

2 A. Translate the list of uses people put animals to.

. What picture (or pictures) illustrates each of these uses?



B. Discuss in pairs the title of the text and make up a list of possible issues it is going to touch upon.

. Read the text and check your answers.

C. Read the text again.

. Fill in the gaps with the words from the boxes before each part.
. Change the form if necessary.

ANIMALS IN THE HUMAN COMMUNITY

................................................
depend on eVidence of
................................................

Ever since true humans appeared on earth, they have lived in close association with other animals. Throughout most of that time, humans existed as huntergatherers who (1) ... wild animals for food and clothing. They also found a source of, aesthetic pleasure and spiritual strength in the ammallife about them. (2) ... this exists in the remarkable paintings of Palaeolithic people in the caves of southern France. The religious practices of Native North Americans involved the veneration of certain animals, such as the bear, wolf, and eagle, in an attempt to acquire the power, wisdom, courage, and speed that these animals they believed possessed.

Mystical feelings toward animals are reflected in myths and folktales, moralistic fables involving animals, and anthropomorphic animal stories for children. as well as the use of animal names for cars, sports teams, and so on.

GLOSSARY

veneration - поклонение
anthropomorphism - a
belief that animals or
objects have the same
feeling and qualities as
humans

................................................................................
commercial exploitation of domestication species
................................................................................

Despite highly developed technology and agriculture and the (3) ... of many species, modern humans still depend on wild stock, Unmanaged (4) ... however, has greatly reduced this resource and has driven some (5) ... to the edge of extinction (вымирание). In addition, wild animals provide recreation in the form of hunting and fishing, bird watching, and visits to zoos and wildlife refuges.

........................................................................
medical research breeding develop drugs
.........................................................................

Humans domesticated some animals for food, clothing, power, and companionship. Through protection and selective (6) ... , humans changed early domesticated forms into highly productive daIry and beef cattle, sheep, pigs, and poultry. Also contributing to human welfare (health, comfort and happinesst are the dogs, cats, white rats and mice, guinea pigs, and rhesus monkeys that (7) ... has used to gain an understanding of human physiology and to (8) ... .

Vocabulary

3 A. In pairs, summarise what people depend on animals for, as stated in the text.

Example: People depend on animals for power.

B. Say how the relationship between animals and people has changed in the course of time? (Refer to ex. 2A.)

Example: I think people depend less on animals for power, because today we use electricity, petrol, gas, and other sources of energy.

C. Which of the following can be called commercial exploitation of animals?

· Give your reasons.

Language work

4 A. Compare these two texts.

· Who or what is the doer (do + er) of the action in the underlined phrases?

A
Man harnessed animals (1 ) to work on his behalf thousands of years ago: horses for hunting and carrying, oxen for ploughing, and dogs to catch animals for food and to guard the home.

Man needed animals (2) for tasks that required strength and speed. In the poorer and more remote parts of the world, beasts of burden are still widely used.
In the West modern enoineerino has set free the huoe shire horses (3) bred for pulling heavy loads. Pit ponies, however, are still at work down some mines.

B
Draft animals are domesticated animals, which are used ( 4 ) primarily for work. transport, and leisure. They include the horse, mule, donkey, ox, buffalo, camel, llama, alpaca, yak, reindeer, and dog.

Modern horses are thou o ht ( 5 ) to have descended from one or more of three subspecIes, including the tarpan, Przhevalski's horse, and the European forest horse.Thev are still used (6) for draft in many countries of the world.The v are also used ( 7) for controlling other types of animals, for carrying packs, and for riding for leisure and sport.

B. Which of the following statements about the sentences in bold in text B are true?

a) The author wants to make them more emotIona.
b) The author wants to make them more objective.
c) The doer of the action is unknown.
d) The doer of the action is not important.
e) These sentences are from a science text.
f) The doer of the action is the focus of attention.

C. Decide whether passive or active should be used in translating these sentences into English, and mark each with A (for active) or P (for passive). (Refer to ex 48)

D. Translate the sentences from ex. 4C into English.

Writing

5. A. Work in pairs. Write an encyclopaedia entry about a domestic animal.

· Look through the list in A and answer the questions below.
. Write a text based on your answers.
· Check the use of passive and active forms, (Is the doer of the action important and necessary to mention?)



1 What is the name of the animal?
2 When did people begin to use this animal?
3 How (what for) did people use this animal?
4 What has changed in the course of tIme?
5 How is the animal used now?

A
the bee
for honey
since the end of the Neolithic Period
wax
candles
fighting against enemy troops
throw hives (ульи)
stopped being the only sweetener
about 200 years ago

B. Choose (B) or (C) and write another entry following the steps in ex. 5A.

the guinea pig

pre-Incan times
Europe soon after the discovery of America
a popular pet
a valuable research animal



С
camels

value
as pack or riding animals
for their wool
milk, skin and meat
only in domestication
feet enable them to walk on sand and snow
thorny plants and dried grasses
store fat ,n their humps (rop6bl)
go without eating and drinking for
a few days

O. Л. Гроза, О. Б. Дворецкая, Н. Ю. Казырбаева, В. В. Клименко, М. Л. Мичурина, Н. В. Новикова, Т. Н. Рыжкова, Е. Ю. Шалимова, Английский язык нового тысячелентия, Учебник английского языка для 10 класса общеобразовательных учреждений. — 2-е изд. — М. Титул, 2004. — 175 с, ; ил.

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